Diapered in special education. afastl. Nov 15, 2024 · When it comes to toileting, guidelines from the New York State Education Department can’t come fast enough. Perhaps in the extreme cases, same-sex diaper changers may be needed for students with paralysis/spina bifida/etc, but those issues likely can be addressed without diaper changes. Our Life Skills class has Ed Techs that do toileting assistance/diaper changes. Oct 22, 2005 · Peggy Wiese, a paraprofessional at Ellis Elementary School in Denver for 24 years, has fed and diapered special-education students and helped 4-year-olds learn to read. Regulatory Review Process MSDE regulations are regularly evaluated and updated. In June, the state Legislature passed new legislation that requires SED to establish uniform statewide protocols for diapering and toileting students in public schools. Some school districts will assign a specially trained 1:1 aide or have a special education teacher do it. That post discussed the requirements under Title III of the ADA to provide toileting assistance to children with disabilities in privately operated day care programs. , specially designed instruction, nursing, self-care, etc. Is this request in compliance with Colorado State regulations? By law can I change student of opposite sex diapers? I am not CNA trained and feel very uncomfortable about this. Is that okay? Sebastián is a 15-year-old teenager who lives in Lima with his parents. Sep 3, 2009 · I received a great question and comment to my post from last May Toileting Assistance in Child Care and the ADA . FREE Diaper Change Log, Bathroom Documentation for Special Education: This simple diapering log is a printable form that can help your classroom keep track of diaper changes. If your child already has a 1:1 aide, some school districts will ask the 1:1 aide to assist with toileting and diaper changes. S. The bill was the result of years of successful advocacy and lobbying by NYSUT members. The department is committed to systematic planning along with plan implementation, tracking, and accountability as a vehicle for providing the leadership necessary for fulfilling this purpose. The teachers think Paraprofessionals are responsible for providing hands-on assistance to remove student clothing, change soiled diapers, clean students' bodies after toileting, and assisting students with getting dressed and putting on a clean set of clothes/underwear if necessary. These specialized diapers have super absorbent protection to wick away wetness fast, keeping skin clean, odor-free, and dry. Understand tax considerations for families with special needs kids & learn how to take advantage of deductions & credits. Always wipe front to back! Nov 4, 2006 · Diaper changing in elementary Discussion in ' Special Education Archives ' started by Terry, Nov 4, 2006. A mom in my community made a post on facebook ranting about her "special needs" 2nd grader (she admits there is no IEP or other measures in place) who comes home in the same diaper he was sent to school in. Find adaptive diapering solutions designed for comfort and security for children with special needs. Priority is given to families who are low income and/or homeless, foster children and children with disabilities. . 💬 1 🔁 0 ️ 2 · Do you have any good recommendations or resources for people just starting out? My wife is pretty vanilla but supportive and I don't know how to tell her what needs done. Without assistive lifting devices and proper body mechanics, as their weight increases so do the risks for back injuries. I don’t sign up for jobs as either a special education teacher or a paraprofessional IF the job states it (most time they do not). It is the program’s collective responsibility to know and implement any toileting skills goals or services (e. Clean the child’s diaper area with disposable wipes. School site administrator will complete Attachment B during an observation of at least one staff member in each preschool special education classroom completing a diaper change with a preschool student. Early childhood education program that provides services to children 0-5 and their families. Apr 15, 2025 · Students who require diapering or assistance with toileting should be treated with respect and cared for in a private, safe, and clean setting. Learn about customizable fits and leak-proof options. Some days later the trial run of the new medicine starts and Samantha manages to secure some of the new regression medicine for her little revenge plan. On the occasion of their silver wedding anniversary, Sebastián is forced to travel to Arequipa, where he will spend the whole summer with his great-aunt, who wants him to have a fun summer. I just got hired this week as a Special Ed assistant at an elementary school. Learn about infant skin care best practices with Every Change Matters™ — Guide to Developmental Diapering Care The average child undergoes more than 10,000 diaper changes in their lifetime. I'll be working with students ages 5-12, and was told there would be diaper changing. Oct 31, 2008 · diapers on high school students. Daily Diaper Changing Log Room:Date: The child's toileting needs should be written in the IEP so that the IEP team can determine the best way for the school to provide support. These specialists plan with the family to promote the child's growth and development as well as support the family We're the big kid diaper experts! For bedwetting, special needs diapering, potty training, and adult diapers. e. Child with autism must be 17 or younger. g. "Wel AgePlay 101 is your go-to resource for all things AgePlay, ABDL, and DDLG. All paraprofessionals assigned to a special education program are expected to work as a coordinated instructional team under the supervision of a special education teacher to implement the Sep 18, 2024 · The IDEA emphasizes special education and related services, which should be designed to meet a child’s “unique needs and prepare them for further education, employment, and independent living. May 14, 2021 · Providing basic needs to educators and caregivers at Title I schools and programs allow education to remain a priority. We offer youth diapers, adult diapers, pull-ons, booster pads, bariatric diapers, underpads, wipes, vinyl exam Special education paraprofessionals are assigned to support the special education programs and individualized instructional, behavioral, or health needs identified for students with disabilities. • Cleaning supplies of Training and Education: 1. Find the best products and learn proper techniques for caretakers. We are here to share professional advice, bounce ideas off each other, share concerns, and advocate for our students. I am routinely told to cover a different assignment than the one I signed up for and it has included special education students. She called the teachers lazy and negligent for not doing something that has never been their job to do. jobs. • provide ample portions of food. ) as identified in the child’s IEP. These students may require diapering or toileting on a scheduled or on an “as needed” basis. org 636-449-0352 United Healthcare Children’s Foundation Offers medical assistance grants of up to $5,000 for medical services or The U. Versatile Comfort from Jul 5, 2024 · It seems that while infant cloth diapers are available by the thousands, finding diapers for special needs children is a bit like looking for a needle in a haystack. PURPOSE The purpose of the Special Education Policies and Procedures Manual is to assist school personnel to understand and practice consistent with Federal, State, and District requirements. We've designed this trim-cut diaper with a mesh interior and hip snaps to keep baby splashing in comfort while our signature double The Code of Maryland Regulations, often referred to as COMAR, is the official compilation of all administrative regulations issued by agencies of the state of Maryland. Federal law (the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act) and Maryland state laws require that all students with disabilities be provided a “free, appropriate public education” that helps them learn and prepares them for employment and daily living. Jul 27, 2023 · If a child is having frequent accidents with bowel or bladder control or comes to school in diapers or disposable training pants, work with the school nurse to communicate with parents or guardians. Be flexible and patient as your child works on their toileting skills. I am happy to help when I can, but I have to prioritize my diabetics and medically fragile kids. To help, I have here a curated list of available options for cloth diapering older kids and teens with special needs. This information should be included in the Individualized Education Program (IEP) or 504 forms (the classroom teacher has these forms) which are tailored specifically for the student. Federal law mandates that every child receive a free and appropriate education in the least restrictive environment possible. Even if your child is not yet showing all of these signs, there are parts of Discover tips and tricks for adult diapering with our comprehensive guide. Mar 14, 2015 · I am in a self-contained class with 2 paraprofessionals. The purpose of the review is to determine whether the Jul 20, 2025 · These breathable, pull-on briefs suit kids aged 6 to 16 with special needs, offering reliable daytime incontinence support that keeps skin rash-free. I just don't feel like it's appropriate for a stranger (me) to change a student's diaper. humiliation, diapers. Very different topic but just curious in the school setting who is changing diapers? Is it the teacher assistants or the SPED teacher themselves? The department promotes educational services and programs for all Tennessee's students with special education needs. Are they not obligated to change diapers at a public preschool? Don’t they do potty time/potty training? What do they do with the kids in diapers? Not changing them seems like Jun 28, 2021 · Special education services Children over age 3 may be eligible to receive therapies for free through your school district. (2008). Diaperpunishment Stories Refine by tag: diaperpunishment diaper diapers bedwetting tbdl wetting abdl nappies pee regression messing baby diapered poop punishment diapergirl pullups diaperboy pull-ups humilation Aug 24, 2016 · Diapered Daughter This isn’t something I planned on writing, but I think it’s time to admit it to someone, and who better than the internet right? Before we get into it, a little back … Q: Are there any special considerations for prekindergarten students with disabilities? A: Yes. 5 hours a day. Apr 18, 2020 · I had heard horror stories from other special-needs parents — about kids unable to use the toilet coming home in diapers that had never been changed, kids ignored by teachers and peers and left Sep 18, 2024 · My daughter is attending a special ed preschool with the county. Does anyone know if cdc classes provide diapers or if I need to send in a few packs with my daughter on the first day of school? Mar 3, 2024 · Toileting IEP goals should address the specific needs and abilities of each child. Here’s what they had to say: Best Diapers For Kids With Special Needs The best diapers for kids with special needs are Pampers’ Swaddlers, Tranquility’s ATN Disposable Brief, and Prevail’s Daily Brief. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Regulations governing the Maryland State Department of Education (MSDE) fall under Title 13A. Aug 11, 2024 · Discover effective strategies for keeping a diaper on your autistic child, addressing sensory needs and behavioral challenges. Explore product recommendations at SuperBottoms. Jan 12, 2022 · About this item Comfort and Confidence for Special Needs Kids: Provide your special needs child with unparalleled comfort and confidence. I notice everyday she comes back with the same diaper I sent her off with and today she came back with a nasty diaper rash. Louis, Missouri. Students will always have assistance with diapering/toileting tasks by the classroom teacher and/or aides. Jimmie happily obliged. Please note, this fitted diaper is not waterproof and should be worn under a waterproof cover, such as EcoAble Kid's Pull-On Briefs. If the student is sleeping, the diaper must be checked when the student awakes. Our cloth diaper system is thoughtfully designed for their well-being, ensuring they feel their best. Aug 26, 2025 · I don’t get off on breaking peoples consent, I get off on the idea of being a diaper girl in my daily life, going on diapered adventures etc. Department of Education’s Individuals with Disabilities Education Act website brings together department and grantee IDEA information and resources. If one of those individuals is not present, then another trained staff member that knows the student, will assist them (i. • stop children from experimenting with food. Aug 28, 2020 · Changing Diapers with Children with Cerebral Palsy_English Version Special Education Professionals 101 subscribers Subscribe Subscribed Our mission is to provide caring connections for children and families in Owensboro and Daviess County to ensure that everyone in our community has access to the resources and services they need to thrive. My problem is we have several students that do not have a 1:1 or are in our behavior classroom and want me to assist when they have an accident or need help with menstrual hygiene. psychiatric disorders emotional problems behavioral problems learning differences Children with such special needs are usually entitled to receive additional services or accommodations through the public schools. Infants and toddlers receive home based services from a team of credentialed Early Childhood Development Specialists. Yesterday a reader asked whether similar rules apply to public preschool and after school day care programs. D's Corner. Families must live within a 250-mile radius of St. , Which of the following foods is not recommended for infants under six months as they may produce food allergies? • Citrus fruits We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. If you need a bigger diaper than the size 7 found in grocery stores for teen incontinence, this could be your answer! Super Undies specializes in helping with potty training autistic children by providing the necessary The Potty Journey: Guide to Toilet Training Children with Special Needs, Including Autism and Related Disorders by Coucouvanis, J. Mary Elizabeth Christian’s daughter, Grace For some, approaching conversations around puberty and menstruation with your child can feel intimidating, but if you add a disability into the mix, you Jan 5, 2025 · Do Special Education Teachers Have To Change Diapers? In this informative video, we will discuss the roles and responsibilities of special education teachers However, for a little while longer, we'll be focused on education and support in the ABDL community. Mar 31, 2022 · The 20-year veteran worked with K-8 students, mostly as a special ed resource paraeducator, an academic position. Special Education and Related Services for Eligible Students: Toileting/Diapering Students may require diapering or help toileting due to developmental level or health, physical or cognitive disabilities. Without support from First Book, many schools would struggle with educational equity. Find out what FAPE requires schools to do (and what it doesn’t require schools to do) for kids who qualify for special education services. Av exampl… School nurse here. Aug 3, 2023 · ABDL diaper training can be an avenue for personal exploration, comfort, and stress relief for consenting adults. Diapers & Incontinence Products eSpecial Needs carries a variety of diapers, pull-ons, and related incontinence products in sizes and styles that start where retail stores stop. Administration said it would be the Children with special needs and/or developmental delays may not fall within the typical timelines for guidance about toilet training, but most children will learn to use the toilet before they go off to Kindergarten. Resources to help you and your child understand your child’s condition and participate in treatment at Seattle Children’s Autism Center. Sitting there in his warmed diaper filled with his bodily refuse, Jimmie was content. For additional information or assistance with sizing, call our customer care experts at 800-563-0161, or use Live Chat to connect with us during business hours. Staff shall check each student’s diaper at least once every two hours and change the diaper promptly if it is wet or soiled. While most parents chimed in to say that its not the teachers responsibility to do so The Laws and Regulations Related to Special Education and Students with Disabilities webpage provides information regarding current federal and State statutory and regulatory requirements related to the education of students with disabilities. Not sure if in high school it is the same? I teach in a life skills unit and I have a male aide that refuses to change a student. With a flexible pull-on style and side snaps for easy changes, they're perfect for active kids and potty training needs during the day. Children with special needs and sensory impairments can enroll in educational programs. In addition to diaper assistance, The Diaper Foundation helps provide encouragement and counseling services, information for new mothers, referrals for other sources of aid, and more. II. The student you are working with may have special needs requiring special procedures. Mar 30, 2022 · She stores the used diapers in a special container in the wardrobe of her room until she disposes of the evidence discreetly. Pampers Swaddlers is the overall #1 choice, but if you want it covered by insurance, you should check out Tranquility and Prevail. Students who have shown the ability Jun 25, 2024 · Find the best cloth diapers for children with special needs. I want to pursue a masters after this so I’m not looking at being a teacher forever. These pima cotton pajamas are ideal for potty training and children with autism and other special needs. Before the mid-20th century, students with disabilities were often excluded from public schools or placed in segregated settings with little access to education. Some schools ask the child to go to nurse's office for a diaper change or toileting assistance, which is less ideal, while some children have aides for the bathroom. Whether you're new to the community or just looking to learn more, this guide has you covered. Jun 27, 2024 · Individualized Potty Training: Celebrating Every Potty Training "Inchstone": Focusing on Progress over Perfection Ups and downs of traditional potty training can just be that much more extreme for families who have children with special needs. I know in elementary females usually diaper the students. • use adult-sized utensils. Parenting doesn’t stop at the bus Bring your supplies (for example, clean diaper, wipes, diaper cream, gloves, plastic or waterproof bag for soiled clothing, extra clothes) to the diapering area. Included below are the state and federal laws and regulations that provide Sep 6, 2008 · What are the laws if any of diaper changing a high school male student. May 14, 2021 · Jimmie finally finished and the diaper seemed to beg for more, it seemed to tease the last drops of urine from his bladder and started to beg for Jimmie’s other opening to give what the diaper wanted. Your child needs special care while wearing a hip cast. 00 / 800 Browse My Shop Add to Favourites Comment Suggested Deviants Watch Watch Watch Suggested Collections Diaper ABDL Sissies Diapers for kids and adults with special needs are essential to their daily lives. The protocols are expected by The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) of 2004 is the federal law that guarantees free appropriate public education (FAPE) is provided to eligible students with disabilities. “The educational system can’t function without the classified staff,” O’Connor said. Other things can come up like dietary issues, challenges with social interactions, speech and language development, or delays and neurological deficits Sep 15, 2021 · A printable diaper-changing log can be a lifesaver for new parents and caregivers, helping you keep track of diaper changes, which is crucial for monitoring your babys health. www. Most back injuries are not a result of one bad lift, but rather from a Sep 20, 2023 · Learn how to get free diapers for your special needs child through Medicaid or insurance. Learn More at Mrs. I have severly disable 15 years old male student who is not potty trained. Jan 26, 2015 · REF-6763. Mar 21, 2024 · Unlock for $10. This means local public school districts will provide individualized or special education and related services to students The owner of Green Diaper Store, Lisa Carey, has three special needs kids and loves products that make parenting our kids easier. The FRIENDS program of Fresno County Superintendent of Schools serves children birth to 36 months who are at risk or who show significant developmental delays. These tasks should be performed with dignity and respect for the student in a private and safe Our special education services create inclusive educational climates where individuality and diversity are respected, honored, and celebrated. Our diapers and briefs by Tranquility and Select feature four refastenable tape tabs, Kufguard leakage barrier, wetness indicator and extraordinary fluid retention. We welcome adult babies, adult diaper lovers, and littles to participate in our free programming on YouTube or take advantage of the coloring pages and activities on our site. Oct 6, 2021 · Federal and state legislation, laws, regulations, policies, legal advisories, and guidance. (2009). Mary Osborne, founder of Your Dementia Therapist, shares 7 diaper changing hacks. The sub coordinator told us that it was something that we would be expected to assist with, and since then I've been wary about accepting special ed. Tbdl Stories Refine by tag: tbdl diaper diapers abdl diaperpunishment bedwetting wetting nappies pullups baby pee teenbaby diaperboy ageregression pacifier regression diaperlover poop diapergirl diapered Learn why some autistic individuals may take off their clothes and explore strategies to help manage this behavior safely and effectively. Nov 10, 2018 · On the first day of school back from Summer break, Sarah is expecting it to start like every other year. The Washington state regulations on special education can be found in the Washington Administrative Code (WAC) Chapter 392-172A. Youth diapers, adult Para classroom jobs and expectations to manage and work with your classroom support staff, while building positive rapport. I woke up to my mom changing my diaper. Students cannot be denied entry into or removed from any educational program if they have not mastered this skill. But to Sarah’s surprise, her parents drop her off at a special boarding school that is far more strict that she can imagine. Shop now at SuperBottoms! Aug 26, 2017 · I am a female special education teacher. These are designed for staff (teachers, classroom assistants, paraprofessionals) to fill out. Place the child on diapering surface and unfasten diaper. Shop SuperBottoms today! CODES OF SAFE PRACTICES – SPECIAL EDUCATION Lifting and transferring students may be easy when children are babies. While paraprofessionals must be available to change soiled diapers or clothes promptly, teachers are responsible for the health and safety of the classroom environment and should take any steps necessary to maintain a safe and clean environment, such as setting up a designated changing area in the Read First Day of School from the story My Diapered Life by babyjimmy89 with 16,201 reads. When her teacher doesn’t allow her to leave to use the bathroom, instead calling her up for a spanking, Sarah discovers new meaning to the words ‘classroom Apr 28, 2023 · When your child smears feces on walls, you need solutions. That, and I'm really not paid enough to be Jul 1, 2025 · The qualifications described in paragraph (H) (1) of this rule will ensure that each person employed as a public school special education teacher in the state who teaches in an elementary school, middle school, or secondary school has obtained full state certification as a special education teacher and include qualifications for special Feb 10, 2025 · A Brief History of Special Education While special education seems like a no-brainer today, the concept of educating students with disabilities is not that old. Special Education Director or school nurse). Action for Autism Provides grants to help pay for assessments, education, therapies, special programs/camps, and equipment/technology needs. The Apr 17, 2025 · Benefits If you're eligible for long-term care, you may be covered under the Extended Care Health Option. Discussion in ' Special Education ' started by acegirl, Oct 31, 2008. Jul 17, 2023 · Choosing cloth diapers for special needs? Learn about absorbency, fit, and hypoallergenic options for ultimate comfort. These diaper changes are more than opportunities for a clean and dry diaper—they provide a chance to integrate developmental diapering care along with infant skin care, helping infants thrive. The IDEA makes available a free appropriate public education to and ensures special education and related services to eligible children with disabilities. Causes and Tips for fixing (and cleaning!) this unpleasant problem of poop smearing, aka scatolia. Nov 4, 2023 · I have no training in special education. ECHO benefits include: Training Rehabilitation Special education Assistive technology devices Institutional care in private nonprofit, public, and state facilities (may include transport to and from) Home health care Respite care for the primary caregiver Incontinence supplies (diapers Mar 4, 2024 · Bathroom accidents can make your child an easy target for bullying. Whether you're new to the scene or a seasoned lifestyler, we offer a wealth of resources, from articles and guides to forums and May 13, 2025 · Explore a guide to diapers for autistic children, featuring big kid, pull-ups, and youth pants designed for different needs and ages. Jan 31, 2016 · If a child is having accidents, wouldn’t the parent want to know what is causing the accidents, and deal with the accidents themselves? I don’t know if I’d want a teacher to. If one of them is absent, is it okay for them to tell the teacher to do the diaper changing especially if she's sick and tired of changing the student's poop? I know that's their duty to clean the student's butt, but asking the teacher to do it because the other paraprofessional is absent and she doesn't want to do it. I work in public school in Colorado. PREPARE • Ensure diapering supplies, including diapers, wipes, creams, gloves, plastic or leak-proof bag for soiled clothing, extra clothing, etc. Every We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. We are committed to providing services that meet the unique needs of our individual students. We're a community of like-minded individuals who share a passion for this dynamic, and we're here to provide a safe and welcoming space where you can learn, grow, and explore your interests. I was asked to change student diapers on regular basis. The risk increases even more with children who are combative, tug, and/or drop. What training or education will be required of/provided to school staff who will be changing diapers or assisting in toileting? • Diaper change procedure • Toileting procedure • Ensuring student privacy Oct 1, 2020 · There are multiple things you need to consider when creating toileting routines in your special education classroom. Our tips for diapering your newborn, including how to care for the umbilical cord stump and what to do for diaper rash, will help keep their skin healthy. are stored in an area out of the children's reach but easily accessible to staff members during the diaper change. Our back zipper pajamas are escape proof. Toilet Training for Children with Special Needs by Hepburn, S. The Manual replaces the Special Education Compliance Guide. These products feature a higher absorbency and better fit than most of the brands found anywhere else. She taught small groups of special ed students within general education classrooms. It’s for 3. A Special Education Local Plan Area (SELPA) is a group of school districts, charter schools, and County Offices of Education who provide special education and related services to eligible students with disabilities. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like To promote self-help skills at meals, you should: • provide small amounts of food. Versatile Comfort from Does your SpEd teacher and TA change diapers when there’s no PCA’s in the room? Special education teachers and paras share their experiences with changing diapers and toileting in the classroom, Our pull-up training pants for incontinent kids with special needs can be used for delayed potty training, daytime diapering, and as a waterproof bigger cloth diapering option. Read tips for bathing, skin care, diet, clothing, school, car trips and other activities. This is a professional subreddit for people interested in special education, particularly: special education teachers, general education teachers, therapists, advocates, parents, and students. Although her vision of how a teenager has fun is somewhat outdated, this leads her to prepare games, excursions, make dates with Nov 29, 2012 · So I was really curious if I'd be expected to change diapers depending on the special ed. Read how to get toileting goals in your IEP, plus a sample toilet training protocol. Each product in this category will have a few sentences in the description explaining why we added it to this category. Jul 15, 2025 · Dr. At NorthShore Care Supply, we offer a wide range of diapers, underpads, wipes, furniture protectors and other incontinence products for adults and youth with special needs. Description Diaper Change and Toileting Logs, Bathroom Documentation for Special Education: These simple diapering and toileting logs are printable forms that can help your classroom keep track of diaper changes, toilet training, and bathroom breaks. A child with toileting needs doesn't necessarily require a 1:1 aide (unless they have Equipment used for diaper changing needs to be appropriate to the size of the child and be in a private location. Feb 12, 2017 · Get a glimpse into the world of ABDL with our detailed article on adult baby and diaper lover culture. ” Jan 12, 2022 · About this item Comfort and Confidence for Special Needs Kids: Provide your special needs child with unparalleled comfort and confidence. I like diaper fantasies, the idea of wetting yourself in public and being forcibly diapered by Target staff is hot, but it’s a fantasy and should never leave the page or my kinky mind. For more information, please contact your district’s medical director/school nurse if the program is provided in a school setting, or use the following links: Jan 8, 2024 · Expand your caregiving skill set when assisting your loved one with their incontinence management. Available in three sizes, Thirsties Swim Diaper is a trimmed-up beach or pool-ready version of our popular Duo Wrap and meets the requirements of most public pools. jobs I accept. 0: Ordering Changing Tables for Early Childhood Special Education Classrooms, September 12, 2016 The purpose of this Reference Guide is to inform schools of the process to use when ordering a changing table and/or privacy screens for an early childhood special education classroom. Find out what documents you need and how to qualify Feb 1, 2025 · This manual explains how to become eligible for special education, how to request and advocate for special education services, and what to do if you disagree with school districts. Oct 2, 2023 · Staff who prepare or serve food may not change diapers or assist in toilet training. wan hcaqr hyjs cvtr ejavi sgxao scypwazah suh aawzj ryhso